Native American Fashions

Fashion trends come and go but like the little black dress some garb never goes out of style. Footwear, accessories and clothing with Native American influences have surfaced as fashion staples, cycling in and out of designer collections for decades. But is this cultural appropriation or high fashion’s attempt to salute indigenous cultures? Clothing chains such as Urban Outfitters have come under fire for labeling their goods â€Å"Navajo† with reportedly no input from the Navajo Nation. To boot, bloggers are increasingly taking to task non-Natives who wear headdresses and other indigenous apparel to play a cross-cultural game of dress up. By supporting indigenous designers and learning more about the missteps the fashion world has made in regards to Native dress, you can avoid making the ultimate fashion faux pas—cultural insensitivity. Native American Fashion Staples Cultural appropriation is probably the last thing on shoppers’ minds when they hit the mall. Many consumers have no clue they’re wearing an item that has blatantly co-opted Native American culture. The rise of boho chic has especially blurred the lines. A shopper may associate a pair of feather earrings they like with hippies and bohemians and not with Native Americans. But the feather earrings, feather hair accessories and beaded jewelry on the contemporary fashion market largely owe their inspiration to indigenous cultures. The same goes for fringe purses, vests and boots, not to mention mukluks, moccasins and Native American prints on clothing. It’s certainly not a crime to wear these fashion items. But it’s important to recognize when cultural appropriation occurs and that some of the Native apparel commodified don’t just have cultural significance but also spiritual significance in Native American communities. The leather fringe purse you’re crazy about may look great with your new outfit, but it’s actually modeled after a medicine bag, which has religious importance in indigenous cultures. You might also consider researching the manufacturers who peddle apparel with Native American influences. Are Native American designers employed by the company? Does the business do anything to give back to indigenous communities? Playing Dress Up as an Indian While countless consumers will inadvertently buy products inspired by indigenous cultures, some will make a conscious decision to appropriate Native dress. This is a misstep made by trendy hipsters and high fashion magazines alike. Attending an outdoor music festival wearing a headdress, face paint, leather fringe and beaded jewelry isn’t a fashion statement but a mockery of aboriginal cultures. Just as dressing up as a Native American would be inappropriate for Halloween, it’s offensive to pile on pseudo-Native attire to get in touch with your inner hippie at a rock concert, especially when you know little about the clothing’s cultural significance. Fashion magazines such as Vogue and Glamour have been accused of cultural insensitivity by featuring fashion spreads in which white models â€Å"go primitive† by wearing Native-inspired fashions and including no Native American designers, photographers or other consultants in the process. Lisa Wade of the webs ite Sociological Images says, â€Å"These cases romanticize Indian-ness, blur separate traditions (as well as the real and the fake), and some disregard Indian spirituality. They all happily forget that, before white America decided that American Indians were cool, some whites did their absolute best to kill and sequester them. †¦So, no, it’s not cute to wear a feather in your hair or carry an Indian rug clutch, it’s thoughtless and insensitive.† Supporting Native Designers If you enjoy indigenous fashions, consider buying them directly from First Nations designers and artisans throughout North America. You can find them at Native American cultural heritage events, powwows and marketplaces. Also, academic Jessica Metcalfe runs a blog called Beyond Buckskin that features indigenous fashions, brands and designers such as Sho Sho Esquiro, Tammy Beauvais, Disa Tootoosis, Virgil Ortiz and Turquoise Soul, to name a few. Buying indigenous apparel and accessories from an artisan directly is an entirely different experience than buying Native-inspired goods from a corporation. Take Priscilla Nieto, an accomplished jewelry maker from the Santo Domingo Pueblo. She says, â€Å"We put good intentions into our work, and look forward to the person who will wear it. We do a prayer—a blessing—for the wearer of the piece, and we hope they accept this with their heart—all of the teaching from the parents and from our family.†

Group Reflection Essay - 743 Words

For our eighth group session, we celebrated the ending of our group counseling session at Sushi King in Norfolk, Virginia. There were a few moments that left me in awe about myself, but two moments stood out the most for me. The first moment was during the fifth group session when were asked to identify things that stressed us and may be a barrier to accomplishing our goals. During this class session, I realized the bottled up resentment I still have towards my Father that could hinder me from growing inside. Realizing this issue I had helped me realize that I can’t change the past, but I can grow from it; which ultimately gave me the courage to set up a meeting with my Father and siblings to hash out our issues. The second moment that was†¦show more content†¦She gave great advice and allowed us to lead the discussion. Nothing ever felt forced. The group leader gave us a clear outline on what to expect from our group, what activities will take place, the group norms , the mission for our group and when our group session will end. There never was a time where I felt lost or didn’t know what to expect from my experience. Dr. Wallace helped me understanding how to be relatable yet remain focused on the goal of a group counseling session. The therapeutic forces that were the most beneficial to my participation in the group were universality and cohesiveness (The American Group Psychotherapy Association, 2007) Throughout the group sessions, we realized that we had similar personal development plans which relates to universality and identifying similarities brought on a sense of cohesiveness amongst the group which is the most important to me. I would definitely participate in another group counseling session because it’s therapeutic. I enjoyed what I’ve learned about myself during this group session and eager to know what else I could find out about myself. I’m looking into doing marriage counseling next. As a newlywed, I feel like marriage counseling is important and will help with the longevity of our marriage. As a professional school counselor, when conducting a group session, I will strive to be an effective group leader byShow MoreRelatedGroup Reflection Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pages My gr oup consisted of four people. They were Allie Holley, Triana Stephens, Renee Philips, and myself. Overall, I would say that we all worked very well together. There were some bumps in the road, but I think we completed the task well. We all showed high cohesion and task commitment. Cohesion is how well everyone gets a long and works together during an event or project. I would say we all had high cohesion because we all got along well, and had no disagreements. Although this worked to ourRead MoreEssay On Group Reflection1489 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Paper and Group Assessment Throughout the time spent amongst my fellow partners, it has been interesting to see how we work together. We all have very different ideas of work ethic, commitment, and time management, but, regardless of these differences, we still came out with a product that I deem to be great. It can be difficult working with a group of people with the intention of creating a presentation that is ten to fifteen minutes long. Rehearsing, generating ideas that everyone agreesRead MoreReflection on Group Project Perfomance Essay534 Words   |  3 Pagescharacteristics of effective groups. What are some of the characteristics of ineffective groups? There are a few key features common in a group regardless if it is an effective to ineffective group atmosphere, communication, leadership, decision making, and criticism. 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This essay will discuss relative information and problems of this client group focusing on the demographic, history, polices, issues faced by the group as well as relevant support groups and programs available. This essay will discuss these topics by drawing on existing published scholarly literature and relevant, credible published sources. The second part of this essay will be a reflection of an event that relatesRead MoreEffective Communication Skills And How Sexual Assault Workers Can Help Further A Client s Healing Process1415 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch essay will examine how verbal encouragers, active listening and providing a sense safety are all skills that are important to a Sexual Assault Worker and why they are imperative. As well as aiming to understand different interactions with clients and things that can go wrong if communication is ineffective. A key concept for this essay is the understanding of trauma and how sexual assault workers can help to further a client’s healing process. For practitioners critical reflection is centralRead MoreEssay on A Reflection Upon My Writing911 Words   |  4 Pagesthis in my in-class journal discussing my transition from five-paragraph writing to actual formation of thoughts without a specific format, I realized that this process was a larger undertaking than I originally thought. Through endless amounts of essay writing the personal academic improvements that have taken place this quarter are indescribable in comparison to any other academic feat made in my brief but fulfilling college career. As a writer, I realized coming into college that my writing

Root Causes of Financial Crisis in the 1990s Free Essays

Introduction The objective of this paper is to discuss the root causes of financial crisis in the 1990s. In this light, the paper has identified financial liberalisations that occurred in the late 1980s as a principal cause of crisis in the 1990s. The paper begins by presenting a discussion of financial liberalisation in section 2 below and then focuses on how it resulted in financial crisis in the 1990s. We will write a custom essay sample on Root Causes of Financial Crisis in the 1990s or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper employs the East Asian Financial Crisis as a case study and provides a discussion of how financial liberalisation contributed to the crisis 1997/1998 in section 2; while section 3 provides general conclusions and recommendations of the paper. Financial Liberalisation and the East Asian Financial Crisis One of the main causes of financial crisis in the 1990s was financial liberalisation which facilitated the flow of capital across borders. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, most developed and developing economies liberalised their financial systems and removed a number of regulations regarding the movement of funds. In particular many countries eliminated restrictions on foreign exchange movement thus increasing the flow of cross-border capital. One major crisis that occurred during the 1990s was the Asian Financial Crisis. This crisis has been linked directly to an increase in cross-border capital flows which resulted to currency crisis across the East Asian Countries that were involved in the crisis. Most of the countries involved in the crisis witnessed depreciation in their currencies which in turn led to major crisis across all the countries involved. Thailand was facing competition for its exports which led to a decline in its export sales. One of the reasons for Thailand†™s export declines was as a result of the devaluation of the Chinese Yuan in 1994 (Pathan et al., 2008). Rising export competition Thailand forced many businesses to shift from manufacturing to the real estate. Banks began providing loans to home buyers to facilitate real estate investments. A banking facility – The Bangkok International Banking Facility (BIBF) offered funds to both local and foreign borrowers thus facilitating their real estate investments (Pathan et al., 2008; Bisgnano, 1999). In the early 1990s, the East Asian countries were witnessing significant economic growth. As a result, these economies maintained huge current account deficits (Bird and Rajan, 2000). As a result, large inflows of capital and a depreciation of international reserves were required to reduce finance the deficits (Bird and Rajan, 2000). During This period, many East Asian economies also made significant efforts to liberalise their domestic financial systems as well as the capital account balance of payments. The establishment of the BIBF in Bankgok is a typical example of how domestic liberalisation facilitated the attraction of foreign capital. It enabled domestic banks to accept foreign-currency-denominated loans and deposits from foreign investors. These loans were later used to offer loans to the domestic market. This process led many local firms to increase their leverage thus increasing their financial risk. Net capital inflows for all countries in the region were positive and most often than not exceeded the current account deposit. In addition, international reserves were significantly high (The World Bank, 2000). Capital inflows were significantly high in Malaysia and Thailand. These countries were classified among the top ten emerging market economies to received net private capital flows during the period under study (Lopez-Mejia, 1999). A significant portion of the loans were made in foreign currency. This strategy increased the gearing of many foreign and local borrowers. The huge influx of capital combined with high current account and trade deficits in the first half of the 1990s resulted in the massive decline in the value of the currencies of the region, which eventually transformed into the financial and economic crisis of 1997 and 1998. Moreover, most of the countries involved in the crisis were operating a semi-pegged exchange rate regime, which also contributed to the currency crisis. Significant movements in the Thai Bhat meant that the currency could no longer sustain its value. the currency was forced to crash in 1997. On the 2nd of July 1997, the Thai Bhat was allowed to float freely and its value fell tremendously against other currencies (Joosten, 2004; Pathan et al., 2008). Despite the introduction of foreign exchange controls as well as large spot and forward interventions by the government and Central bank, the magnitude of the disaster on the currency was so high that these measures could not stop it. As a result, the devaluation of the Thai Bhat on the 2nd of July 1997 marked the onset of the East Asian Financial Crisis (Joosten, 2004; Li and Kwok, 2008). The currency crisis in Thailand was transmitted to five other East Asian economies. As explained earlier, the main cause of the crisis was the liberalization of the financial system which led to large cross border movements in foreign currency. The large movement in the East Asian currencies led to the ir depreciation which eventually led to the crisis. Singapore has often tried to compare itself to London as a major financial Centre. Consequently, U.S financial institutions often used it as a safe haven for depositing toxic assets. Given the liberalised nature of global financial markets, Singapore attracted a lot of toxic assets from the U.S which also helped in fuelling the crisis in Singapore (Lim and Maru, 2010). In Indonesia, the channel taken by the crisis was somewhat different from those of other countries like Korea and Thailand (Joosten, 2004). The Central Bank (Bank of Indonesia) increasing became concerned about an economy that was operating above full employment and decided to take measures that would slow down the economy to ensure that it return to full employment. The Central bank however, lacked the tools required to reduce aggregate demand. This is because it became concerned that if interest rates were increased, more foreign capital would flow into the economy a situation that would result to a currency crisis. Lack of an appropriate monetary policy tool meant that the Central Bank was unable to prevent an imminent crisis. Like Indonesia, Malaysia’s economy was operating beyond full employment. During the year 1995, the country witnessed an increase in public investment. The money was spent mainly on large infrastructure projects (Joosten, 2004). By the end of 1996, the count, Malaysia witnessed a decline in its current account deficit and the concerns over capacity overutilization were reduced. However, given increasing concerns over the ability of other East Asian countries as good investment environments, investors began to perceive Malaysia as a safe haven. Consequently, the country witnessed a huge influx of foreign capital which resulted in an increase in bank lending that in turn fuelled an asset boom. The influx in capital led to an increase in the country’s current account deficit over the period 1992-1995 as wel as declining exports. Huge current account deficits combined with trade deficits, the local currency could no longer sustain its value. This means that Malaysia could n ot escape the crisis either. The Philipines also had a sound economy when compared to other East Asian economies. The country operated at low levels of foreign debt and showed no immediate risk of a crisis. However, an influx in foreign capital soon fuelled a rapid lending boom that was mainly used in the financing of risky investments and as such the country began facing difficulties (Joosten, 2004). Table 1: Current Account (% of GDP). YearIndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesRepublic of KoreaThailand 1992-2.0-3.7-1.6-1.3-5.5 1993-1.3-4.6-5.50.3-4.9 1994-1.6-7.6-4.6-1.0-5.4 1995-3.2-9.8-4.4-1.7-7.9 1996-3.4-4.4-4.8-4.4-7.9 Source: (Joosten, 2004). Table 1 above illustrates the current account as a percentage of GDP for the East Asian Economies that were involved in the crisis over the period 1992 to 1995. It can be observed that all five countries exhibited a negative current account indicating that they operated current account deficits throughout the five year period leading up to the crisis. Korea however had a positive figure of 0.3% in the year 1993. Thailand showed the worst economic performance as evidenced by its largest current account deficit which kept widening with time. Conclusions and Recommendations The objective of this paper was to identify the root causes of financial crisis in the 1990s. Using the East Asian Financial Crisis as a case study, the paper concludes that one of the major causes of financial crisis in the 1990s was financial liberalization. Financial liberalization facilitated the movement of capital across borders. The East Asian Economies liberalized their financial systems thereby allowing a huge influx of foreign capital. Given that most of these countries suffered trade deficits, the capital was spent mainly on infrastructural development which means that enough returns could not be realized to cover the current account deficits. As such the current account deficits had to be financed with international reserves. This resulted in a currency crisis across the region which eventually led to the financial crisis in 1997 and 1998. One of the main lessens that can be learnt from this crisis is that countries with huge current account deficits should not attract fo reign capital if they are also operating trade deficits. This is because most of the foreign capital is used to finance unprofitable projects that cannot generate enough cash flows to offset the current account deficit. This increases the financial risks of both the private and public sector, which eventually result in a financial crisis. References Bird, G. and Rajan, R. S. (2000) â€Å"BANKS, FINANCIAL LIBERALISATION AND FINANCIAL CRISES IN EMERGING MARKETS†, available online at: http://www.freewebs.com/rrajan01/liberalfull.pdf , accessed: [8th January, 2012]. Bisgnano J. (1999). Precarious Credit Equilibria: Reflections On The Asian Financial Crisis. BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS Monetary and Economic Department Basle, Switzerland Working Papers. Joosten W. (2004). The Asian Financial Crisis in Retrospect. What HappenedWhat Can we concludeCPB Memorandum. CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. Li, K., Kwok m. (2008). Output volatility of five crisis-affected East Asia economies Japan and the World Economy, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 April 2008. Lopez-Mejia, A. (1999), â€Å"Large Capital Flows: A Survey of the Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses†, Working Paper 99/17, IMF. Mahui, M. N., Maru, J. (2010), â€Å"Financial Liberalisation and the Impact of the Financial Crisis on Singapore†, Third World Network 131 Jalan Macalister, 10400 Penang, Malaysia. Pathan, S., Skully, M. Wickramanayake, J. (2008) Reforms in Thai bank governance: the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis, International Review of Financial Analysis, 17 (2), 345-362. World Bank (2000), East Asia: Recovery and Beyond, New York: Oxford University Press. How to cite Root Causes of Financial Crisis in the 1990s, Essay examples

Ethical Leadership for Employees and Organizations - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical Leadership for Employees and Organizations. Answer: Introduction Ethical leadership is a type of authority in which individuals show coordinate for the advantage of the benefit of all that is sufficient and fitting in every part of their life. This report explains the significance of ethical leadership in the workplace. The report portrays present condition of the moral authority in connection to the organizational behavior. The report explains the significance of ethical leadership in organizational behavior. It is important to inform employees about ethics, particularly in cases where they are faced with ethical problems in the workplace. The study describes the reasons why ethical leadership is imperative for organizational behavior. The report describes the implications of ethical leadership for managers, employees, and organizations. The main purpose of the report is to create critical thinking skills that help the employees to recognize potential ethical issues, encourage and motivate employees and set clear, realistic standards which employ ees can easily follow. Concept of Ethical Leadership According to Avey et al. (2012), the moral initiative is fundamentally an administration hypothesis which uses the moral structures as a direct to deal with subordinates. Ethics deal manages the standards of lead and master with affecting another person to accomplish goals, the moral movement is impacting individual through ethics. The rising of good development can be taken after back to the shock inside the corporate world in late decades. The nonappearance of good specialist and poor great lead is among the best issues which current affiliations stand confront. The core components of ethical leadership are described as follows: Internal uniformity: According to Bello (2012), distinctive components inside the association must be morally consistent and not have inconsistencies. Pro-activity: The system should guide individuals, rather than outlining the things that people should not do. Moral authority structure looks forward and acts pre-emptively. Power: The framework is reliably reevaluated and revived by the necessities of the association and the subordinates. To put it plainly, the structure is dynamic as opposed to a static system (Bhal Dadhich, 2011). According to Bolman Deal (2017), ethical leadership supports the leaders and maintains a relationship in order to make the decisions and approach activities with innovative ideas, as opposed to having to constantly rethink and survey the condition. A system won't outfit moral pioneers with a sensible decision each time, however, it makes it simpler to investigate the condition and to tune into other person's perspective concerning the issue. A perfect way to deal with making an ethical system hopes to take after several simple activities. In the first place, the pioneer's moral structure ought to line up with that of the association he or she is driving. Consider the instance of driving an association that trusts the pioneer should only do basic leadership, while pioneers are a solid follower in a coordinated effort. The belief system will conflict and cause issues. The exemption to the rule is a circumstance where the association is searching for a pioneer to change the ebb and flo w ethical structure (Brown Mitchell, 2010). Advantages and disadvantages of ethical leadership According to Caldwell Hayes (2010), ethical leadership has been closely examined, may be due to its inclination to concentrate on such pretentious such as ideas morals. While it has a different considerable purpose of intrigue, the main hypothesis is not an ideal approach to settling hierarchical issues. The fundamental focal points of moral authority are explained as follows: Increased job satisfaction: According to Demirtas Akdogan (2015), the increased job fulfillment is driven by the initiative hypothesis' which focuses on correspondence and joint exertion. A representative does not get a handle on of line for communicating their purpose of perspectives and the association between the people in higher positions and the person in bring down positions relies upon common regard. Each individual is drawn nearer with deference and the work they perform is valued. Employee reports on issues faster: The powerful ethical structure and initiative case can also help the employees in order to solve the employee issues faster. Problems that might not emerge generally can progress toward something subordinates which feel compelled to chat with the administration which can guarantee the association to not keep running into challenges later. For instance, in organizations, for example, Enron, a solid moral structure would have alarmed the authority about the incorrect things done in the organization (Eisenbeiss, 2012). Collaborative advantages: Moral administration can likewise give an additional correspondence favorable position to an association. As moral initiative structure grasps coordinated effort and this does not simply propose co-operation inside the association. Moral associations additionally cooperate with various organizations that offer the same moral structure. The open approach to manage to oversee diverse associations and being a reliable partner can help development within the organization. The main disadvantages of ethical leadership are as follows: Affect leader capability: According to Eisenbei Giessner (2012), ethical leadership can be founded on the pioneer's ability with a specific end goal to impact the business exercises. As it were, the moral initiative has appealing administration limits, which suggests people may take after the pioneer without an essential approach. This can suggest that workers trust the pioneer so much that they disregard the pioneer's humankind and are incognizant in regards to any mistakes or issues. For an association, a blue-looked at approach with following the pioneer can decimate as far as settling on the right choices. Requirements for consistency: According to Gallagher Tschudin (2010), the prerequisites for consistency could go about as a drawback. Moral administration can be difficult to keep up, yet in the event that workers advance out the structure once, at that point they can hurt the regard earned with the subordinates and distinctive accomplices. Asserting to be a moral pioneer and not acting in a moral way could be more terrible than following another structure, however, executing moral practices in at times. Holding high moral principles: Ethics is critical and consist high-quality standards which an incredible degree confronts. The supposed hazy areas are more than at risk to develop and cause issues. The issues for the association are keeping up ethics while attempting to keep a positive essential concern. In particular circumstances, for example, staying aware of controls, the costs can go up and along these lines make moral expert monetarily destructive for the business. The downsides regarding accounts have a tendency to be here and now yet the fleeting effect can be pressing for new Importance of ethical leadership to organizational behavior According to Johnson (2017), ethics show the norms that decide business choices consistently. These influence the way an organization works and how it treats managers, customers, investors and the group in which it is found. These ethics have consequences with regards to corporate administration, social business enterprise and hiring practices. The significance of leadership as the main force for ethical practices cannot be underestimated. Often, these best officials set the tone for each choice which made inside an organization. The individuals who lead ethically are considered good models who can consider organization and their workers responsible. They make ethical culture a part of each capacity in an association from hiring and training through execution administration and coaching programs. According to Kalshoven et al. (2011), the outcomes can be significant, and researchers have noticed that representatives who rate their leaders as more moral have substantially higher employment fulfillment and engagement levels. Workers are less inclined to leave an association since they are pulled into moral good examples who treat them decently, express support for their efforts set reliably high moral benchmarks. Ethical leadership is the center esteems having the valor to live them in all parts of the life in the association of the advantage of all. Moral authority incorporates driving in a way that regards the rights and regard of others, an idea that is on occasion in coordinate clash with more customary models of administration. Already, the essential goal of administration has been to fabricate age and advantages. Extraordinary initiative alludes not exclusively to capacity, and also to morals that change affiliations and person's lives. Ethical leadership requires moral leaders. If the leaders are moral, they can ensure that ethical practices are done all through the affiliation. According to Kim and Brymer (2011), pioneers are usually in a place of essentialness both on and off the movement, so moral activity must concentrate on how pioneers use this power in the choices they influence, exercise they to appreciate and ways they influence others. Pioneers are responsible for influencing followers to perform works out, entire errands, and carry on in a specific lead. Compelling pioneers moreover influence outlines, energize change in perspectives and qualities, and open up fortifying and self-abundancy of their supporters, as they enable the disguise of corporate vision. The supporting bit of action can comparatively raise an alliance's way of life and operators respects to more lifted measures of good immediate. By demonstrating moral organization, business advances a bizarre state of respectability that empowers pa ssionate dependability and urges subordinates to perceive and take after our vision. Character and reliability give a solid establishment to other individual attributes that incite our moral sentiments, qualities, and choices. According to Mayer et al. (2010), ethical leaders are no doubt going to be people arranged, and aware of how their choices impact others. In this way, moral pioneers utilize their imperativeness and ace to serve more unmistakable advantage instead of self-serving interests and the affiliation. This showing fills in as a guide and motivation for others to put the essentials and interests of the social gathering before their own. Such engagement makes an insightful and energetic obligation among pioneers and their supporters that make both the get-togethers comparatively capable in the mission for shared goals. Push attributes of good pioneers consolidate rousing, enabling and other visionary practices that make up transformational association. Moral pioneers in like manner coach relates in getting a sense individual and ace bent that enables them to outperform wants while being more grounded, faithful attributes that incite our moral sentiments, qualities, and choices and beneficial. Implication of ethical leadership Manager: According to Piccolo et al. (2010), the ethical role of supervisors call moral authority is a mix of being a moral individual and being a moral boss. Being a moral individual lays on a blend of key qualities, for example, trustworthiness, validity, and constancy. Trustworthiness incorporates straightforwardness and validity or genuineness and in addition an idea for the soundness of the whole component that one abroad and furthermore of the overall population in which the affiliation is found. Trustworthiness likewise infers firm adherence to a code, for example, an ethical arrangement of acknowledged guidelines. Along these lines, being a moral individual prescribes that the individual has honesty and can be trusted. Notwithstanding these qualities, being a moral individual in like manner incorporates rehearses, for example, settling on the best decision, stress for people, being open, and rules of individual dependability. The pith of morals, clearly, is settling on the be st choice, especially under troublesome conditions, and that incorporates having the ability to reason well about what the best movement truly is. To have the ability to reason well about a troublesome good condition, a man ought to be occupied with picking up from various sources about the situation while taking thought not to hurt people and truly trying to treat people well in the basic leadership method or when decisions are being executed. To have the ability to utilize sound judgment ethically, an individual needs wisely developed his or her own particular game plan of measures or qualities, an individual arrangement of acknowledged standards or uprightness. Singular rules empower a man to completely consider a decision in light of a sensible method of reasoning. Employees: According to Schaubroeck et al. (2012), are the most fundamental resources in relationship without which the objectives and goals may not be proficient. The moral master may acknowledge an interceding part in the relationship between dynamic culture and delegate occurs. The moral association will probably comprehend pioneer's abundance, the vitality of operators to put in additional endeavors, workers work fulfillment and an air for the moral action to flourish; which will in the end provoke augment in the affiliation. The ethical organization is connected with a constructive outcome on laborer execution, characteristic motivation, work responses and energy of an agent to report issues. Moral pioneers propose that pioneers with solid great commitments can impact "errand hugeness" and "opportunity" of the Job Characteristic model and the status of workers to put additional exertion on undertaking execution. In the event that followers saw top manager's mind blowing incredib le picture, morals might be seen as an essential issue inside the association, and this affirmation might be a changed over into a solid imperativeness about best association by representatives inside the association. Organizations: In organizations where the organization apparently is showed up in the disappointment of the pioneer to take after guidelines, neglect to acknowledge commitment for exploitative practices and neglect to maintain a strategic distance from even the closeness of mistake. Two fundamental parts are essential to the issue of good movement in redesigning master work execution; trust and delegate commitment. As clear in the confirmation of a few stars that great morals are useful for business since it influences positive externalities to like trust and feeling of commitment as for all accessories, which thusly guarantees entire arrangement execution of firms. Impacts of ethical leadership in the workplace According to Schein (2010), ethical leadership can impact the organization over three levels which are as follows: Individuals: According to Schwartz (2013), maintaining a positive workplace is a basic commitment of a solid moral pioneer. A moral pioneer who indicates others how it's done may affect others to do same. For the most part, people are impacted by the joint efforts that occur around them. Positive correspondence among partners may empower effect to work productivity and perspective. Team: Ethical initiative can likewise incorporate the organization of lead and facilitated exertion inside a gathering. Usually, affirmation is higher in the workplace when people are existing together with each other. Right when partners are working as a gathering, it can help develop associations in the workplace and help the general execution of the social affair (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2016). Association: According to Stouten et al. (2010), the noteworthiness of keeping up an uplifting mindset in the workplace has an extensive measure to do with improving the general prosperity of the association. At the point when people can demonstrate respect for each other and can esteem other's opinions, it may help make a useful working environment. An ethical affiliation can happen when gatherings of people participate in a circumstance of shared respect, where they can grow really, manufacture companionship and add to the general objective. Conclusion From the above report, it has been concluded that leadership is an advantage and a commitment that demands a nice plan from the people who practice it, regardless of whether formally or coolly. The moral issue is a fundamental issue to the corporate affiliation and corporate pioneers must take proactive measures. Moral pioneers are viewed as having a wide decent administer to all assistants which unite expert. This report portrays the moral administration and the different center components of the moral initiative. The report portrays the significance of moral authority to authoritative conduct and its suggestions for director, representatives and the associations. The report additionally clarifies the effects of moral administration in the working environment so pioneers must make an ethically very much arranged working environment for all delegates, pass on moral issues, fill in as awesome cases and set up an instrument for the difference in reliable employees. References Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., Palanski, M. E. (2012). Exploring the process of ethical leadership: The mediating role of employee voice and psychological ownership.Journal of Business Ethics,107(1), 21-34. Bello, S. M. (2012). Impact of ethical leadership on employee job performance.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(11). Bhal, K. T., Dadhich, A. (2011). Impact of ethical leadership and leadermember exchange on whistle blowing: The moderating impact of the moral intensity of the issue.Journal of Business Ethics,103(3), 485-496. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Brown, M. E., Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research.Business Ethics Quarterly,20(4), 583-616. Caldwell, C., Hayes, L. A. (2010). Leadership, trustworthiness, and ethical stewardship.Journal of Business Ethics,96(4), 497-512. Demirtas, O., Akdogan, A. A. (2015). The effect of ethical leadership behavior on ethical climate, turnover intention, and affective commitment.Journal of Business Ethics,130(1), 59-67. Eisenbeiss, S. A. (2012). Re-thinking ethical leadership: An interdisciplinary integrative approach.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), 791-808. Eisenbei, S. A., Giessner, S. R. (2012). The emergence and maintenance of ethical leadership in organizations.Journal of Personnel Psychology. Gallagher, A., Tschudin, V. (2010). Educating for ethical leadership.Nurse education today,30(3), 224-227. Johnson, C. E. (2017).Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., De Hoogh, A. H. (2011). Ethical leader behavior and big five factors of personality.Journal of Business Ethics,100(2), 349-366. Kim, W. G., Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance.International Journal of Hospitality Management,30(4), 1020-1026. Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R. L. (2010). Examining the link between ethical leadership and employee misconduct: The mediating role of ethical climate.Journal of Business Ethics,95, 7-16. Piccolo, R. F., Greenbaum, R., Hartog, D. N. D., Folger, R. (2010). The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics.Journal of Organizational Behavior,31(2?3), 259-278. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Schein, E. H. (2010).Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Schwartz, M. S. (2013). Developing and sustaining an ethical corporate culture: The core elements.Business Horizons,56(1), 39-50. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Stouten, J., Baillien, E., Van den Broeck, A., Camps, J., De Witte, H., Euwema, M. (2010). Discouraging bullying: The role of ethical leadership and its effects on the work environment.Journal of Business Ethics,95, 17-27.

Data Mining In A Nut Shell Essays - Business Intelligence

Data Mining In A Nut Shell In todays business world, information about the customer is a necessity for a businesses trying to maximize its profits. A new, and important, tool in gaining this knowledge is Data Mining. Data Mining is a set of automated procedures used to find previously unknown patterns and relationships in data. These patterns and relationships, once extracted, can be used to make valid predictions about the behavior of the customer. Data Mining is generally used for four main tasks: (1) to improve the process of making new customers and retaining customers; (2) to reduce fraud; (3) to identify internal wastefulness and deal with that wastefulness in operations, and (4) to chart unexplored areas of the internet (Cavoukian). The fulfillment of these tasks can be enhanced if appropriate data has been collected and if that data is stored in a data warehouse. According to Stanford University, A Data Warehouse is a repository of integrated information, available for queries and analysis. Data and information are extracted from heterogeneous sources as they are generated....This makes it much easier and more efficient to run queries over data that originally came from different sources. When data about an organizations practices is easier to access, it becomes more economical to mine. Without the pool of validated and scrubbed data that a data warehouse provides, the data mining process requires considerable additional effort to pre-process the data (SAS Institute). There are several different types of models and algorithms used to mine the data. These include, but are not limited to, neural networks, decision trees, rule induction, boosting, and genetic algorithms. Neural networks are physical cellular systems which can acquire, store, and utilize experiential knowledge (Zurada). Neural networks offer a way to efficiently model large and complex problems. Decision trees are diagrams used for making decisions in business or computer programming. Branches are used to represent choices with associated risks, costs, results, or probabilities. Rule induction is a way of deriving a set of rules to classify cases (Two Crows). These set of rules differ from those in a decision tree in that they are independent from one another. Boosting is a technique in which multiple random samples of data are taken and a classification model for each set of data is made (Two Crows). The genetic algorithm is a model of machine learning, whose behavior is based on the processes of evolution in nature. Populations of data are resented by chromosomes and then go through a process of evolution. The members of one set of data compete to pass on their most favorable characteristics to the next generation of data. This process continues until the b est data is found. Many of the models and algorithms used in data mining are simplifications of the linear regression model. Data Mining is largely, if not entirely used for business purposes. The highest users of data mining include banking, financial, and telecommunications industries (Two Crows). A survey taken by Two Crows Corporation turned up these applications of data mining: ? Ad revenue forecasting ? Churn (turnover) management ? Claims processing ? Credit risk analysis ? Cross-marketing ? Customer profiling ? Customer retention ? Electronic commerce ? Exception reports ? Food-service menu analysis ? Fraud detection ? Government policy setting ? Hiring profiles ? Market basket analysis ? Medical management ? Member enrollment ? New product development ? Pharmaceutical research ? Process control ? Quality control ? Shelf management/store management ? Student recruiting and retention ? Targeted marketing ? Warranty analysis Data mining will have a different effect on different industries in the business world. In the telecommunications industry, for example, in order to retain or build market share and expand or develop new products and services, service providers will have to make the necessary adaptations and changes that the industry and pace setting technology requires. The most successful telecommunications companies will, of course, be the ones who can develop and market products and services that customers will buy, says Julian Kulkarni, SAS institute Europes Product Marketing Coordinator for telecommunications. But high customer churn rates in telcom markets show that you cannot depend on customer loyalty. To thrive, companies must know their customers, their products, their own operations, and the competition better. The key to succeeding in

Facing the problem of market positioning for Qatar Airways bran

Facing the problem of market positioning for Qatar Airways bran Introduction Statement of the problem The current research addresses the problem of positioning of corporate brand of Qatar Airways through strategies for improving customer satisfaction. This problem is significant since brand development and brand management encompass one of the important aspects for making an organization gain global competitive advantageAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Facing the problem of market positioning for Qatar Airways bran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Purpose of the study and delimitations Purpose of study The purpose of this study is to aid in resolution of the problem of determining ways of positioning the corporate brand of Qatar Airways through strategies for improving customer satisfaction. It seeks to draws knowledge from the body of literature on techniques of marketing research and their applications in solving marketing problems and formulating marketing strategies in helpi ng to resolve likely marketing problem of positioning the corporate brand image for Qatar Airways Limitation and delimitations In the quest to achieve this concern, this research has a major limitation since it uses a small sample size (34 respondents). However, this limitation is countered by random distribution of questionnaires to persons of different demographical characteristics so that the responses to questionnaires reflects general customer views about Qatar airways Theoretical perspective Research findings such as Wirtz and Chung Lee (2008) and Yelkur (2007) contend that customer satisfaction comprises one of the most important aspects for incorporation in the marketing planning strategies for organizations considering global growth plans as a measure for securing competitive advantage. Qatar airline is one of such companies Research hypotheses It is hypothesized that Qatar Airways has poorly positioned its corporate brand Image by building strong local customer relationshi ps, but insufficient customer relationships to global clientele. Various factors and variables may affect satisfaction of consumers depending on the industry within which a business operates. For the airline industry, it also hypothesized that independent variables such as product (which include services, quality and brand image) offered by Qatar Airways affect perceived satisfaction and hence customer satisfaction. Literature review Research on the best strategies for positioning cooperate brand of an organization has yielded huge body of literature on organizational brand inventories and brand elements to induce customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is a critical element of retention of existing clients for an organization coupled with attraction of new ones (Yelkur, 2007). Customers possessing good organizational reputation share it with other people. This aspect creates the urge amongst potential customers to experience the service or product offered by an organization. B rand inventories are aimed at availing comprehensive profile of the manner in which products coupled with services that are sold by a given organization are branded and marketed.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hill and Ettenson (2005) note that profiling a product or a service â€Å"requires marketers to catalogue visually and in writing various products or services sold, the names, logos, symbols, characters, packaging, slogans, or other trademarks used† (p.86). Outcome of any product profile requires accuracy, high precision, comprehensibility, and reflective of the status of a product or service brand for a given organization. Brand inventories should highlight the brand elements utilized to build brand loyalty and the manner in which this goal is accomplished coupled with how it is reflected on any necessary marketing program. Qatar Airways’ com petitive brand profiling is done to unveil the probable points of difference coupled with points of parity. In these extents, brand’s inventory is valuable at Qatar Airways, as it helps in determining the platforms anchoring customer perceptions. A brand identifies and distinguishes an organization from other organizations even though two or more organizations offer similar products or services. Organizations not only sell products or charge for their services, but they also sell their brands (Hill Ettenson, 2005). A number of elements including the brand name, logo sounds, tagline, tastes, and scents among others identify brands (Hill Ettenson, 2005). The Qatar Airlines protects its brand name consisting of ‘Qatar Airways’ with the symbol (logo) of the Arabian Oryx. People living within the Arabian region are highly familiar with the animal. Any attempt to use a brand name possessing the Arabian Oryx symbol and the brand name ‘Qatar Airways’ amoun ts to a legal challenge by the organization. In a bid to enhance its brand identification and association, Qatar Airways uses the slogan ‘World’s 5 Star Airline’. The recognition of the extent to which an organization meets satisfaction of its customers is critical in aiding to channel the efforts of employees to meet the anticipated needs and perceptions of services provided. In this extent, marketing scholars such as Yelkur (2007) and Farris, Neil, and Pfeifer (2010) perceive customers’ satisfaction as entangling the dominant business strategy that may affect the profitability of an organization positively if it is cutely developed. Given this merit, it is significant for an organization to be in a position of developing metrics of measuring customers’ satisfaction and determine the marketing factors that help to induce the same (Farris, Neil, Pfeifer, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Facing the problem of market positioning for Qatar Airways bran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some metrics measure customers’ satisfaction, but the applicability and appropriateness of any metric depend on the industry of operation of an organization. One of the metrics entangles the number and frequency of the complaints raised by clients (Farris, Neil, Pfeifer, 2010). However, this research does not adapt its research methodology to measure customer satisfactions for Qatar Airways via this way; rather, customers’ surveys through responses to questionnaires act as a resourceful way of measuring customers’ satisfaction. The focus of this research is not on measuring customers’ satisfaction. Rather, the measures are used to establish factors that may influence customers’ satisfaction. Marketing mix comprises one of such factors. After the establishment of an appropriate brand, the next phase of corporate brand positioning entails it s supporting. Holt and Quelch (2009) support this assertion and further add that for success of any brand, a means of supporting it to ensure that its preferences among customers do not fall when new competitors in the same industry emerge should be created. For Qatar Airways, brand promotion is a central component for supporting its brand. Promotion is done through various ways such as sponsorships. The main aim of collaborating with Barcelona FC in the 2013/2014 Spanish premier league season is to create a global image for the existence of the Qatar Airways brand. Through this partnership, Qatar Airways endeavors to display passion for its brand as being the best in the airline industry tantamount to that of FC Barcelona in the football industry. In the effort to access the perception of customers on the brand of an organization, brand exploratory is important. The concept refers to any research executed by an organization to garner information, which upon analysis, helps to give an indication of the manner in which customer feel or think about a given product or service and their associated classes of brand equity sources (Hill Ettenson, 2005). Conducting brand exploratory requires the execution of a number of preliminary activities. One of such activities entails conducting an interview to an organization’s personnel to acquire an understanding of manner in which they think coupled with determining their beliefs and perceptions about the brand (Hill Ettenson, 2005). Opinions accruing from the above interviews are normally diverse and they serve several functions in determining the manner in which consumers of a given product or service may be feeling or thinking about the same. Among such functions includes the generation of vital and informing ideas about products from an organization’s perspective and providing likelihoods for understanding any preconceived internal misconceptions and on inconsistencies on the way people internally percei ve the products and services (Hill Ettenson, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exercise is necessary since customers think about products that they consume depending on how the communications personnel within an organization portray the products (Farris, Neil, Pfeifer, 2010). However, even though it is important to unveil an organization’s internal inconsistencies and misconceptions about products, such an endeavor is not adequate to develop brand explorations fully. Conducting additional research on customers is necessary to establish how their own experiences with the products or services of an organization shape their thoughts and feeling about the products. This aspect is the central concern of brand exploratory, as a component of successful corporate brand positioning strategy at Qatar airlines addressed in this research. Methodology Research design A research can be designed as one of four main approaches, viz. qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods (pragmatic approach), and emancipator approach (participatory or advocacy approach). In thi s research, pragmatic approach is utilized. Freshwater, Sherwood, and Drury (2006) posit, â€Å"Pragmatic researchers grant themselves the freedom to use any of the methods, techniques, and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative research† (p.295). The freedom of choice of method depends on the researchers’ perception and evaluation of methods that best suit the particular kind of research they are conducting. The best choice is the one that utilizes methodologies that complement one another. This aspect forms the basic logic for designing this research to use pragmatic approach deploying aspects of both quantitative and qualitative research. Population, sample, and participants Thirty-four (34) copies of questionnaires were distributed without selection of certain demographic characteristics of people that received the questionnaires. Rather, the respondent was required to indicate these characteristics in the questionnaires. The entire sample (34 people) answered all the questions in the questionnaires promptly. Hence, no questionnaire was rejected. Data collection instruments, variables, and measurements The research used questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The independent variable was the impact of positioning of the Qatar airline product and services. Independent variable was customer response and prevalence to the positioned brand as is an indication of customers’ satisfaction, which is measured from the context of quantitative number of Qatar Airways’ customer perceptions and preferences on the product and services. Some questions requiring qualitative information were also used to help in the provision of data on specific perceptions about the products and services offered by Qatar Airways. Ten (10) questions were used to capture the aspects of customer satisfaction with the company’s product and services as shown in appendix 1 Data analysis procedures Data was analyzed through computations of percentages of responses for each question in the questionnaire. These results were then used to conduct an analysis of the brand positioning challenges likely to be encountered by Qatar Airways, which helps in the identification of areas that pose challenges in the positioning of the Qatar brand to correspond to its global growth strategy. Validity and reliability Quality research should possess several characteristics, which include credibility reliability, use of rigorous methods, and verification (Cohen Crabtree, 2008), validity, clarity, and coherence in reporting (Yardley, 2000) among others. Validity can both be internal and external. Validity entangles the â€Å"best approximation to the truth or falsity of proportions† (Rolfe, 2006, p.307). Validity and reliability in this research were enhanced by the choice of primary method for data collection (questionnaires) as a tool for ensuring that the research findings add significant knowledge to the body of knowledge (market research) that the research seeks to amplify. However, the sample was too small. The demographic characteristic of the sample are perhaps not exact representation of the population seeking service from Qatar Airlines, which poses challenges to the reliability and validity of the research. Nevertheless, given that the sample was small, it was possible for the researcher to administrate the process of filling the questionnaires so that ambiguity of the question was addresses. This move helped to improve both reliability and validity of the responses and hence research findings Data analysis, findings and discussion Table 1 below shows the findings obtained on administration of the questionnaires. Table1: Results for questionnaires for a sample of 34 respondents Responses Questions A B C Total response Gender 8 26 34 Age 26 4 4 34 Nationality 26 2 6 34 2- used Qatar airways 32 2 34 3- if yes 2 14 16 32 4- if the answer c 12 2 2 16 5- if other Turkish 1 6- depend on 5 2 2 7- depend on 6 0 8- raise concern 12 20 32 9- responses 6 6 12 6 6 12 4 4 8 Many routes, great schedule 4 10 30 4 34 Ninety-four percent (94 %) of the respondents had used Qatar Airways while 6% percent had not used it. While only one person (3%) prefers Turkish Airlines, 3% did not cite their preferred airline. This aspect indicates that some people are undecided on their preferred airline brand. It also shows that Turkish Airlines may become the biggest competitor. While deciding on the most appropriate strategy to position Qatar Airways to win these people, gender preferences and tastes for airline services play a significant role because most people who have used Qatar Airways are more likely to be women (76%) as opposed to men (24%). Nationality is another important demographic factor to consider when choosing brand-positioning strategy for Qatar Airways. Although the company seeks to grow its global courier capacity, the adaption of brand promotional strategies to meet local tastes should not be abandoned. Most people using the airways are Qatari (76%) compared to other people of the Middle Eastern nationality (6%). The low number of people from other Middle East nations using Qatar Airways suggests that the airline should position its brand as a regional courier. This strategy also needs to extend to global platforms as the company seeks to become a global courier as suggested by the low percentage of people from other nations (18%) using the airline. This positioning reflects well on the strategy of the company to position itself on a global scale through partnership with Barcelona FC in the 2013/2014 season. As at the time of conducting the research, the results show the ability of Qatar Airways to position its brand to young people, 18-28 year (76%) as compared to 29 -39 (12%) and 40 and above (12%). This aspect means that the company needs to adapt its services and produc ts to meet the needs of all customer age groups while attempting to become the world’s best courier. Customers are also more interested and satisfied by good flight experience (50%) and easiness of accessing booking and tickets (44%) than the cost of travelling. This realization explains why Turkish Airlines may not become the Qatar Airways’ near future competitor, as customers prefer it only on low cost basis, which is not an important factor in positioning an airline brand seeking to compete with Qatar Airways. Indeed, customers are not interested at all (0%) with flight experience. Customers define flight experience to encompass good entertainment (75%), as opposed to seating arrangements (12.5%) and on board customer experience (12.5%). This element means that Qatar Airlines will face the problem of marketing itself as the global best onboard entertainer. A major problem for Qatar Airways encompasses convincing its customers to express their concerns on areas where the company may need to improve to serve them better, as evidenced by 37.5% of people who have raised their concerns with the services and 63.5 % of those who have not. The media for collection of customer concerns should be hybrid in nature since 50% percent of persons raising concerns over the services and product of Qatar Airways prefers the Internet while 50 % prefers traditional means such as suggestion boxes and registering their concerns at the customer-service front desk. Customers are also happy when Qatar Airways responds to their concerns since this element may (50%), or may not (50 %) make them alter their air travel company. As the company works hard to positions itself as a customers’ needs and concerns centre Airways, many routes and schedule flexibility are important factors to consider when seeking to enhance customer satisfaction among 100 % of the customers who consider the current response mechanisms of Qatar Airway inappropriate. The establishment of dem otic or popular travel routes and positioning of the Qatar’s brad image as the best global leader in this extent remains the most important driver of Qatar Airlines success and marketing challenge. Recommendations and conclusion Summary of the research problem, objective, findings, and discussion The research’smain problem was the determination of ways of positioning the corporate brand of Qatar Airways through strategies for improving customer satisfaction. The objective encompassed the identification of mechanisms in which Qatar Airways can position and manage its brand to achieve global, regional, and local success. The findings indentified gender, nationality, and age demographic factors as important elements in facing the problem of brand positioning strategies focusing mainly in good on board customer experience (specifically good entertainment) and easiness of accessing booking and tickets while also capitalizing on increasing the number of flight routes and fle xibility in schedules. The discussion of the results treated this challenge to entail facing the problem of enhancing customer satisfaction with the product and services offered by Qatar Airways. Limitations Although the research indicates customers’ perception about the Qatar Airways, the research has some limitations. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 34 respondents. No scientific method was applied to recruit this sample in a bid to ensure that it demographically reflected the population. A small sample size of 34 respondents also presents difficulties for construing into a perfect technique for marketing research or even a random sample. Ethical issues in the study In collecting primary data, addressing ethical concerns of the respondents is important. Respondents may be concerned about the intentions of seeking information from them. Another concern encompasses whether giving truthful and accurate information on their perceptions about an organization would lead to the victimization or any other unprecedented consequences. These ethical concerns were addressed by providing an explanation of the purposes of the data sought in the questionnaires in the first part of the questionnaire. The introduction and statement of the purpose of the questionnaire explained that Qatar Airways endeavors to develop a global brand by expanding its courier capacity and the number of routes. It also explained that in deriving its marketing planning, the company should get right a number of interrogatives based on its ability to gain competitive advantage in both Middle East domestic markets and global markets. The respondents were further made aware that these interrogatives formed the basis of the questionnaires, which then would be deployed to conduct a research into the problem likely to be encountered by the airways courier in its effort to reach global markets. Recommendations for managers, and for other researchers For Qatar Airways, the customersâ €™ perceptions shaping their satisfaction and preference to the product and services are dependent more on the nature of the product and service experience than the costs of the product and services. To the managers of Qatar Airways, this aspect implies that even though some airline companies elsewhere in the world have successfully positioned themselves as low costs couriers, in the context of the operational environment of Qatar Airways, such a positioning strategy might not work. The research suggests the existence of a correlation between positioning strategy for an organizational brand and the degree of customer satisfaction in the airline industry. However, the exact correlation coefficients were not determined. Therefore, research opportunity exists in which regression analysis can be deployed to determine the correlation coefficients between brand positioning and customer satisfaction. Amid, the view that the research has not considered to determine the correlation coeff icient within its scope, the hypothesis that independent variables such as the product (which include services, quality, and brand image) offered in the airlines industry affect perceived satisfaction. Hence, a relationship between brand positioning and customer satisfaction has been confirmed. The first hypothesis was unconfirmed since although the main clients of Qatar Airways studied were Qatari, a significant number of customers from the global market have developed loyalty to airline’s services. References Cohen, D., Crabtree, B. (2008). Evaluative criteria for qualitative research in health care: controversies and recommendations. Criteria for Qualitative Research, 6(4), 331-339. Farris, P., Neil, P., Pfeifer, D. (2010). Marketing metrics: The definitive guide to measuring marketing performance. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Freshwater, D., Sherwood, G., Drury, V. (2006). International research collaboration: Issues, benefits and challenges of the global ne twork. Journal of Research in marketing, 11(4), 295-303. Hill, S., Ettenson, T. (2005). Achieving the ideal brand portfolio. Sloan Management Review, 2(1), 85-90. Holt, A., Quelch, T. (2009). How global brands compete. Harvard Business Review, 7(3), 68-75. Rolfe, G. (2006). Validity, trustworthiness and rigor: Quality and the idea of qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Marketing Research, 53(3), 304-310. Wirtz, J., Chung, M. (2008). An empirical study on the quality and context-specific applicability of commonly used customer satisfaction measures. Journal of Service Research, 5(4), 345-355. Yardley, L. (2000). Dilemmas in qualitative marketing research. International Journal of Marketing Research, 15(3), 215-228. Yelkur, R. (2007). Customer satisfaction and service marketing mix. Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 21(1), 105-115

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Indigenous Religions - Essay Example The Apache dwelled in a desert environment and led a nomadic life. This environment and way of living is difficult and consumes most of the individual’s time in the search for food and water and moving (Hunt). The tribe could not picture an afterlife in an environment similar to their current one; hence they may have chosen to ignore the thought that there could be an afterlife altogether. Living in such an environment, it is easier for a victim to have the view that their survival solely depends on their hard work rather than by the grace of some god or supernatural being. The tough situations that this tribe went through may have driven their lack of acknowledgment of the existence of both a god and an afterlife.Olorun is a higher being, with more powers who assigns tasks or duties to other beings, the Orishas to accomplish. Olorun is thus like the leader whose role is to manage, direct and oversee the progress of any desired work.The messenger tool along a calabash, a chick en and his helper, Oduduwa. All came to the world by descending on a rope. However, Obatala got drunk when they stopped over at a party, and Oduduwa had to carry on with the task at hand. Oduduwa created the earth by sprinkling soil from the calabash over the water. He then released the chicken which ran spreading the earth over until the whole place was filled with land. When Obatala recovered from this drunk state, he was assigned the task of creating the people who would live on the land. That was how the world and the people therein came to be.

For Reebok Web Site Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Western history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura: Analysis

Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura: Analysis Child development and welfare Gemma Smith An experiment was conducted to explore the social learning theory of Albert Bandura. The experiment involved small children that were exposed to different forms of aggression and violence to study if the behaviour modelled by an adult would then be reflected upon the child. The experiment provided a range of results that supported the hypothesis and some results that were unexpected. The experiment was effective for the purpose and the settings with the controls provided an ideal environment. Albert bandura was a behaviourist who performed an experiment on children who had been exposed to different behavioural conditions. Bandura’s theory states Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling:from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Social learning theory, 2013). Bandura believed that the behaviour of children could be shaped by either classical conditioning or through operant conditioning (The distance learning centre, 2013, pg. 8). Operant conditioning was brought about by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, more commonly known as B.F. Skinner, along with his theory that he believed the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences (Simply psychology, 2014). To study this theory Skinner performed experiments on animals (You tube, March 2007). He placed pigeons in individual boxes; kept the birds at three quarter of their normal weight to ensure they would be hungry then used food as a reward for their behaviour (You tube, March 2007). He used his controlled conditions to isolate the first type of behaviour where the pigeon would peck at a red disc to then be rewarded with food (YouTube, March 2007). The pigeon’s behaviour has now been shaped through operant conditioning to receive food through reinforcement after the desired response has been performed (Boundless, nd). This type of conditioning be it positive or by the removal of punishment can be applied to the behaviour of children (Boundless, nd). A child that receives a reward for picking up the toys in their room for example will do this to receive the prize (Boundless, nd). Or a child’s behaviour could be altered by negative reinforcement such as a child’s favourite teddy or doll being confiscated if they did not perform a particular task. Therefore this demonstrates the power that reinforcement has upon the conditioning and the after affect being the repetition of the actions once the child has been rewarded (Boundless, nd). Reinforcement could easily have the opposite affect if the correct wording is not used and if there is not a clear explanation to follow (education.com, 2014). Then the effectiveness of the behavioural moulding is not as good as it could be. However if the parents are to use responsive language it demonstrates verbal guidance that is respectful to children by clarifying the rules and responsibilities, therefore giving the parents power (education.com, 2014). Although this may prove to be effective it raises some ethical issues. A parent could be considered as using positive reinforcement to manipulate the child (az central, 2014). This manipulation could be used to benefit the parent whilst placing the child in the middle (Parent alienation support, 2010). If a child were to provide reports to their main carer about the other parent to receive a reward this would be classed as manipulation and raise the point of it being unethical (Parent alienation support, 2010). When negative reinforcement is instilled the desired outcome is the same but the procedure is different (behavioural consulting, 2013). Instead of encouragement to promote more good behaviour something negative would be removed to motivate the child to respond (behavioural consulting, 2013). This can also prove to be effective if it is not used to an excessive amount or the psychological affect can damage the child’s self-esteem (global post, 2014). The damage can cause the child to become withdrawn or unwilling to try therefore giving their parents the ability to make them feel poorly about themselves (global post, 2014). Punishment is another form of reinforcement that can be used positively or negatively (behavioural consulting, 2013). Both can be used effectively if they are performed consistently (about.com, 2014). Skinner believed that this type of punishment would only be temporary and perhaps this is occurs because there is not an explanation to accompany the punishment (about.com, 2014). Punishment could also raise concerns later in life for a child whom is smacked for example; they may become aggressive or their behaviour could worsen into antisocial behaviour (about.com, 2014). Conditioning has been used before Bandura by John B. Watson and Rosalie Raynor (1920) in an experiment called little Albert (about.com, 2014). They experimented to see how phobias are the consequence of learnt behaviour (Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum, April 2004, Psychology, third edition, Hammersmith, Collins, pg. 133). Banduras theory follows with the social learning theory (1973) being that violent behaviour is learnt by observing and copying another performing this (Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum, April 2004, Psychology, third edition, Hammersmith, Collins, pg. 134). When Bandura performed the bobo doll experiment he set out to find if modelling influenced the behaviour of young children (youtube, May 2011). Watson and Raynor had the starting point and basis for Banduras theory to become more effective because people are social beings that may observe to learn (youtube, 2011). During the time of Banduras experiment the widespread view was that watching violence reduces aggression however Bandura wanted to prove that a child who watched an adult be violent towards the Bobo doll would then copy the behaviour not reduce it and that is what happened (youtube, May 2011). Modelling on a child could not only achieve what Bandura did but it could cause damage to the child (about.com, 2014). As observational learning has a great effect on what children learn as acceptable behaviour and for a child this shapes their personality (about.com, 2014). On the other hand John Bowlby (1907-1990) studied the attachment behaviour and believed that behaviours are instinctive (simply psychology, 2007). He said the behaviour becomes activated by any conditions that seem to threaten proximity (simply psychology, 2007). A study to investigate whether children learn from observing a model exhibiting aggressive behaviour to a Bobo doll. If violent and aggressive behaviour is modelled to a child then the significant outcome from the child will be aggressive. Whilst the child observes the adult being aggressive or violent to the doll they may not repeat the action and act the opposite with the doll. There is no significant difference between condition 1 (child praised) and condition 2 (child punished) when acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll. An experiment will be carried out using controlled conditions and variables to prove that aggressive behaviour can be modelled to a child, which they will then copy. The study will be an experimental and independent subject design. The independent variable would be the amount of children exposed to the aggressive and non-aggressive behaviour (simply psychology, 2011). The dependent variable is the measure of aggressive behaviour. The participants included seventy two children and two adult’s one of each gender. The children were separated evenly into three groups. In one half of the first two groups there were six boys and six girls with a female and in the second half there were six boys and six girls (simply psychology, 2011). The third group did not contain a model. The children ranged in age from three to six years old (simply psychology, 2011). The experiment contains many children of a range of ages so as to provide a varied amount of results. The apparatus needed for the experiment will be the videos of the children and model, a tick sheet to mark down the aggressive and non-aggressive acts. A stopwatch to be certain each observational study takes the same amount of time. Inferential statistics Using novel objects to hit the bobo doll 28/12= 2.3 35.5/12=2.95 F 2.95 Playing without showing aggressive actions 35/12=2.9 6.8/12=0.56 0.56 2.95/0.56= 5.26 The degrees of freedom for numerator are 15 and the degrees of freedom for dominator are 6. This makes my test two tailed therefore giving it a two directional outcome when looking at the results. This result does reflect the hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis but not the null hypothesis. The hypothesis and alternate hypothesis provides two directions to which the result can travel. The null hypothesis however is very specific to generalising that both of the conditions will not provide different results. Using the variance test provides information on two groups and as my results involved this test seemed appropriate to use. The experiment has clearly proven that children do learn from observation and can show just how much behaviour can be modelled to a child. A child’s way of thinking has been uncovered in this experiment when the results are explored. This is reflected when looking at the age range of the children and their results. In the Praised section of the table the ratings are all between three and four but as soon as the children are being punished for their behaviour the numbers dramatically drop and begin to range from zero to two. Although the results for non-aggressive behaviour under praise were surprisingly low whilst the punishment was high from three up to six on the scale. The controls that were put into place were effective and not in a way to be misleading to the child. For instance there was a kitchen set, a ball or two, a gun and a mallet. Even though the children used these for their own weapons these ideas were not modelled by the adult. The experiment could be described as ethical and unethical. Ethical because modelling behaviour is a way to teach children the difference between what is acceptable and what is not. On the other hand it is not ethical do use a blow up doll to demonstrate a child causing pain to it just because they have been shown to do so. How does it prove that the same child would repeat the actions months later on the Bobo doll and if that child does this because they remember it or their behaviour has changed. If the experiment were to be carried out again the Bobo doll would not be used another way of demonstrating behavioural changes should be used to vary the results. The results cannot be generalised to the whole public in every aspect but perhaps the ideas could be. The experiment is not generalised enough from the beginning the children were tested to see how aggressive they were to start with and with everyone being different the results would be inaccurate. The theory of social learning has some value in terms of associ ating many children to this type of learning from a very young age. The research could be expanded to deeper exploration in to the brain and what triggers are common in already aggressive people to what the triggers are for those whom are not aggressive my nature against the impartial people. The results for this can link the behaviourism to many types of crime, antisocial behaviour and even domestic violence. In conclusion the experiment to find out if modelling aggressive and violent behaviour would influence a child to observe and copy seems to have been proven a success. Albert Bandura’s theory can be applied to so many different aspects to behaviour and he chose one of the most interesting areas. The results have shown what power adults can have over their children and that reinforcement is not something to be taken lightly but supports the social learning theory. Conducting an experiment with small children was a good place to start because of their innocence and little or lack of knowledge of morals. Word count: 2063 References http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-learning.html Social learning theory 2013 http://www.distancelearningcentre.com/access/assessments/cdw/dip_cdw_child_rearing_assess.pdf bandura 2013 http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html skinner 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA Skinner March 2007 https://www.boundless.com/business/motivation-theories-and-applications/modern-views-on-motivation/reinforcement-theory/ Reinforcement theory nd http://www.education.com/reference/article/positive-guidance-techniques/ positive reinforcement 2014 http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/ethical-consideration-negative-positive-reinforcement-27520.html ethics and reinforcement 2014 http://parentalalienationsupport.com/2010/09/09/methods-of-emotional-manipulation-understanding-parental-alienation-using-behaviorism/ ethics and reinforcement 2010 http://bcotb.com/the-difference-between-positivenegative-reinforcement-and-positivenegative-punishment/ negative reinforceme nt 2013 http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/effects-negative-reinforcements-selfesteem-14366.html negative reinforcement self-esteem 2014 http://psychology.about.com/od/operantconditioning/f/punishment.htm punishment 2014 http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm Watson and Raynor 2014 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8 albert bandura may, 2011 http://psychology.about.com/od/early-child-development/a/experience-and-development.htm experience and development 2014 http://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html Bowlby 2007 http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html bandura Bobo doll 2011 Book Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum, April 2004, Psychology, third edition, Hammersmith, Collins

Do You Have the Power? :: Creative Writing Essays

Do You Have the Power?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all started in the interesting city of New York.   The smog ridden streets were filled with people.   On a quiet little street corner, there was a small shop owned by Harvey Goldstein.   Mr. Goldstein   was a well-to-do merchant. He traded in all sorts of imports, and was generally a moral man.   He did not buy goods from sweatshops nor did he ever cheat a customer.  Ã‚   At 1:31 P.M. on May 15, 1996, he stepped out of his shop on the Upper East Side of Manhattan to meet a man who dealt in Asian silk screens downtown.   He had been listening to traffic radio AM 530 and, deciding that traffic was too heavy, planned to take the subway.   Goldstein was a smart man, very smart, who had built his store and his fortune out of   blood, toil, tears, and sweat. Goldstein was also an upstanding member of the Jewish community whom everybody loved, but he never did anything extra, out of the ordinary, for anyone but himself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other side of town there was a new arrival to the city.   This man's name was Running Bear.   He was an American Indian who had gone to New York to seek his fortune; however, he soon fell upon hard times.   He had lived a life of monetary deprivation on the plains of Colorado, and had proceeded to New York by Amtrak with only a dollar and a dream.   Things did not go as planned, though; he could not find a job and had taken to panhandling and sleeping in the streets. His dreams, no doubt influenced by the fumes coming up from the sewer, were of money.   A good man who only wanted to work and make a decent living, he had gone to the welfare office a few blocks north of Goldstein's shop.   He was sent to the employment office downtown, and decided to take the subway.   No doubt, the welfare officials and social workers sent him away with a sad shrug and a sigh. They knew he was a simple man.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two men saw each other waiting for the same train downtown. Interestingly enough, they were the only two waiting for the subway car, as a terrorist group had threatened to bomb a train and New Yorkers had generally taken the threat seriously.   They looked at each other briefly, sized one another up, and got on the train. While on the train, Running Bear began fiddling with a hatchet;   tossing it up in the air over and over again in